Buckeye Tree Lodge & Sequoia Village Inn, LLC v.
Expedia, Inc., No. 16-cv-04721-VC, 2019 WL 1170489 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 13, 2019)
Expedia, Inc., No. 16-cv-04721-VC, 2019 WL 1170489 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 13, 2019)
Really interesting false advertising class action, with a
smaller-than-plaintiffs-wanted class of hotels certified against Expedia, which
offers hotel bookings on its websites. The plaintiffs own hotels that are not
available through Expedia. Apparently, the information of a hotel that hasn’t
contracted with Expedia sometimes “finds its way onto one of the numerous
websites Expedia operates, including Expedia.com, Hotels.com, Orbitz.com, and
Travelocity.com.” When customers search
for their hotels on Google or within one of Expedia’s websites, Expedia
allegedly falsely suggests that these hotels can generally be booked on the
websites, but that they are “sold out” for the period that the customer wants
to book them. Expedia then allegedly steers customers to similar hotels that
are, in fact, available on its websites.
I’m interested in what Eric Goldman will think—he generally doesn’t like
holding websites liable for design features, but “sold out” sure seems likely
to mislead consumers. The Lanham Act is strict liability, and it may make sense
to require advertisers to bear the costs of mistakes like this one–as this case indicates, they lack nonlegal incentives to fix the problem on their own.
smaller-than-plaintiffs-wanted class of hotels certified against Expedia, which
offers hotel bookings on its websites. The plaintiffs own hotels that are not
available through Expedia. Apparently, the information of a hotel that hasn’t
contracted with Expedia sometimes “finds its way onto one of the numerous
websites Expedia operates, including Expedia.com, Hotels.com, Orbitz.com, and
Travelocity.com.” When customers search
for their hotels on Google or within one of Expedia’s websites, Expedia
allegedly falsely suggests that these hotels can generally be booked on the
websites, but that they are “sold out” for the period that the customer wants
to book them. Expedia then allegedly steers customers to similar hotels that
are, in fact, available on its websites.
I’m interested in what Eric Goldman will think—he generally doesn’t like
holding websites liable for design features, but “sold out” sure seems likely
to mislead consumers. The Lanham Act is strict liability, and it may make sense
to require advertisers to bear the costs of mistakes like this one–as this case indicates, they lack nonlegal incentives to fix the problem on their own.
An ad on Google may offer a customer the chance to book a room at the searched
hotel through Expedia’s websites. When the customer clicks on the ad and
navigates to the “infosite” page for that hotel on Expedia’s sites, they will
see a picture of the hotel, a map of where it’s located, a star rating, and
details about the property’s amenities, like parking, wifi, and breakfast. Sounds
pretty standard for a website that can provide bookings, but … “Next to the
hotel’s name and information, the website will communicate some variation of
the message: ‘We are sold out.’” The same basic thing happens to a customer who
starts searching on an Expedia site and picks a specific not-carried hotel from
the list of search results.
hotel through Expedia’s websites. When the customer clicks on the ad and
navigates to the “infosite” page for that hotel on Expedia’s sites, they will
see a picture of the hotel, a map of where it’s located, a star rating, and
details about the property’s amenities, like parking, wifi, and breakfast. Sounds
pretty standard for a website that can provide bookings, but … “Next to the
hotel’s name and information, the website will communicate some variation of
the message: ‘We are sold out.’” The same basic thing happens to a customer who
starts searching on an Expedia site and picks a specific not-carried hotel from
the list of search results.
Expedia also lists a phone number with each hotel, both on
the infosite and search results pages. But “[t]he numbers simply connect to the
Expedia call center,” and call center employees are trained on how to handle
“customers [who] think they are calling the hotel directly,” “[b]ecause … the
placement of our phone numbers within the hotel search results or on the hotel
details page of the website[ leads] some customers [to] think they are calling
the hotel directly.” The employees are instructed to encourage callers to book
at hotels that have booking agreements with Expedia. (Okay, even I think an initial interest
confusion claim passes the laugh test here.)
the infosite and search results pages. But “[t]he numbers simply connect to the
Expedia call center,” and call center employees are trained on how to handle
“customers [who] think they are calling the hotel directly,” “[b]ecause … the
placement of our phone numbers within the hotel search results or on the hotel
details page of the website[ leads] some customers [to] think they are calling
the hotel directly.” The employees are instructed to encourage callers to book
at hotels that have booking agreements with Expedia. (Okay, even I think an initial interest
confusion claim passes the laugh test here.)
For named plaintiff Buckeye Tree Lodge, from January 2015
through August 2016, 149 people landed on the Buckeye infosite page on Expedia;
four of those people subsequently made a reservation with another hotel during
the same visit to the website. Only one
of the named plaintiffs was able to get itself removed from Expedia before
joining the lawsuit; the others weren’t until they sued/joined the suit.
through August 2016, 149 people landed on the Buckeye infosite page on Expedia;
four of those people subsequently made a reservation with another hotel during
the same visit to the website. Only one
of the named plaintiffs was able to get itself removed from Expedia before
joining the lawsuit; the others weren’t until they sued/joined the suit.
To certify a Rule 23(b)(2) class to pursue injunctive
relief, the plaintiffs needed to show standing, including a likelihood of
future injury for the class. Expedia argued that the named plaintiffs lacked
standing because they weren’t listed on the websites anymore. But defendants can’t
“rob a court of jurisdiction by taking strategic unilateral action to moot a
plaintiff’s claims before the plaintiff has had the opportunity to seek class
certification.” Expedia’s reform wasn’t “genuine, irrefutably demonstrated, and
comprehensive”: there was no evidence that it had “made a meaningful attempt to
ensure that its website will stop suggesting that hotels it cannot book are
sold out.” Indeed, the court thought that the named plaintiffs themselves could
end up on Expedia’s websites again because Expedia hadn’t taken measures to
stop that.
relief, the plaintiffs needed to show standing, including a likelihood of
future injury for the class. Expedia argued that the named plaintiffs lacked
standing because they weren’t listed on the websites anymore. But defendants can’t
“rob a court of jurisdiction by taking strategic unilateral action to moot a
plaintiff’s claims before the plaintiff has had the opportunity to seek class
certification.” Expedia’s reform wasn’t “genuine, irrefutably demonstrated, and
comprehensive”: there was no evidence that it had “made a meaningful attempt to
ensure that its website will stop suggesting that hotels it cannot book are
sold out.” Indeed, the court thought that the named plaintiffs themselves could
end up on Expedia’s websites again because Expedia hadn’t taken measures to
stop that.
Rule 23(a)’s numerosity, commonality, typicality, and
adequacy of representation requirements were satisfied, as was Rule 23(b)(2)’s
condition that the plaintiffs seek “uniform relief from a practice applicable”
to the whole class, but only for a specific class: “owners of hotels that do
not have booking agreements with Expedia and are not capable of being booked
through Expedia, but appear on Expedia’s websites.” Commonality was the only serious question,
and proceeding as a class would generate common answers to the false advertising
requirements given the facts above. Did the phone numbers mislead consumers? Did “We are sold out” mislead the reasonable consumer
to think that the hotels are fully booked? If so, were the hotels likely to
lose business due to Expedia’s conduct? Classwide evidence could be provided,
including through surveys.
adequacy of representation requirements were satisfied, as was Rule 23(b)(2)’s
condition that the plaintiffs seek “uniform relief from a practice applicable”
to the whole class, but only for a specific class: “owners of hotels that do
not have booking agreements with Expedia and are not capable of being booked
through Expedia, but appear on Expedia’s websites.” Commonality was the only serious question,
and proceeding as a class would generate common answers to the false advertising
requirements given the facts above. Did the phone numbers mislead consumers? Did “We are sold out” mislead the reasonable consumer
to think that the hotels are fully booked? If so, were the hotels likely to
lose business due to Expedia’s conduct? Classwide evidence could be provided,
including through surveys.
Expedia argued that it used different language during the
class period, including “We have no rooms available for your selected dates
…”, “No rooms available on our site for the selected dates …”, or “Sorry,
the [hotel name] is not available on Hotels.com for your travel dates. You may
choose alternative travel dates OR select from the hotels below.” It didn’t
track which unavailability messages were displayed to which customers. However,
three of the websites used the same unavailability message on their search
results page throughout the class period: “We are sold out.” Further, the
messages weren’t so different or so numerous that they couldn’t be evaluated
through common proof. And because a class was being certified only for
injunctive relief, the plaintiffs might only need to evaluate the current messages.
class period, including “We have no rooms available for your selected dates
…”, “No rooms available on our site for the selected dates …”, or “Sorry,
the [hotel name] is not available on Hotels.com for your travel dates. You may
choose alternative travel dates OR select from the hotels below.” It didn’t
track which unavailability messages were displayed to which customers. However,
three of the websites used the same unavailability message on their search
results page throughout the class period: “We are sold out.” Further, the
messages weren’t so different or so numerous that they couldn’t be evaluated
through common proof. And because a class was being certified only for
injunctive relief, the plaintiffs might only need to evaluate the current messages.
Expedia also argued that typicality was defeated by the
myriad unique ways through which the plaintiffs’ information landed on the
websites. For example, named plaintiff Buckeye had begun the onboarding process
to create an account with Expedia, but ultimately did not go through with the
agreement. Plaintiff Mansion’s information got to Expedia because the hotel had
contracted to share its information with a third party, TravelClick, that
itself disseminated the information to three distribution systems, which in
turn gave the information to Expedia. When the Mansion ended its relationship
with TravelClick, two of the distribution systems failed to tell Expedia that
it would no longer be providing the Mansion’s data, and the other named
plaintiffs had similarly complicated stories of data-sharing.
myriad unique ways through which the plaintiffs’ information landed on the
websites. For example, named plaintiff Buckeye had begun the onboarding process
to create an account with Expedia, but ultimately did not go through with the
agreement. Plaintiff Mansion’s information got to Expedia because the hotel had
contracted to share its information with a third party, TravelClick, that
itself disseminated the information to three distribution systems, which in
turn gave the information to Expedia. When the Mansion ended its relationship
with TravelClick, two of the distribution systems failed to tell Expedia that
it would no longer be providing the Mansion’s data, and the other named
plaintiffs had similarly complicated stories of data-sharing.
But the plaintiffs were all not capable of being booked through
Expedia, which made the Lanham Act question of deception uniform. Other common questions included: “Given the
automated-but-disorganized nature of the online travel industry, does the
Lanham Act impose on Expedia an affirmative obligation to institute controls to
ensure that its systems are not causing customers to be misled about
availability at unaffiliated hotels? And if so, is Expedia satisfying this
affirmative obligation?”
Expedia, which made the Lanham Act question of deception uniform. Other common questions included: “Given the
automated-but-disorganized nature of the online travel industry, does the
Lanham Act impose on Expedia an affirmative obligation to institute controls to
ensure that its systems are not causing customers to be misled about
availability at unaffiliated hotels? And if so, is Expedia satisfying this
affirmative obligation?”
And injunctive relief would uniformly benefit the class
members. “Expedia could also be required to clearly indicate when listed phone
numbers connect directly to its call centers. It could be enjoined to ensure
that Google ads pertaining to unbookable hotels clearly say as much. And … Expedia
could be ordered to take measures to better comb its system to ensure that
unaffiliated hotels are not being listed in the first place.”
members. “Expedia could also be required to clearly indicate when listed phone
numbers connect directly to its call centers. It could be enjoined to ensure
that Google ads pertaining to unbookable hotels clearly say as much. And … Expedia
could be ordered to take measures to better comb its system to ensure that
unaffiliated hotels are not being listed in the first place.”
The court declined, however, to certify a Rule 23(b)(3)
class to seek disgorgement Expedia’s profits for want of predominance. Plaintiffs
“failed to proffer a model or a legitimate theory for how those damages would
be estimated, let alone disseminated among class members.” They couldn’t
explain how they’d prove sales related to Expedia’s false advertising. An
earlier model estimated the percentage of all hotels in Expedia’s inventory
that were actually unaffiliated and were marked, like the plaintiffs’ hotels
were, as “sold out.” Plaintiffs’ counsel previously proposed that their
disgorgement award should be that percentage of Expedia’s total revenue, but
that percentage wasn’t logically connected to consumers’ reaction to the false
advertising here. Nor would the court certify
a limited class action to decide common issues of liability under Rule 23(c)(4)
class, because that wouldn’t advance the disposition of the litigation as a
whole.
class to seek disgorgement Expedia’s profits for want of predominance. Plaintiffs
“failed to proffer a model or a legitimate theory for how those damages would
be estimated, let alone disseminated among class members.” They couldn’t
explain how they’d prove sales related to Expedia’s false advertising. An
earlier model estimated the percentage of all hotels in Expedia’s inventory
that were actually unaffiliated and were marked, like the plaintiffs’ hotels
were, as “sold out.” Plaintiffs’ counsel previously proposed that their
disgorgement award should be that percentage of Expedia’s total revenue, but
that percentage wasn’t logically connected to consumers’ reaction to the false
advertising here. Nor would the court certify
a limited class action to decide common issues of liability under Rule 23(c)(4)
class, because that wouldn’t advance the disposition of the litigation as a
whole.
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Rebecca Tushnet 