Belfiore v. Procter & Gamble Co., — F.Supp.3d —-,
2015 WL 5781541, No. 14–CV–4090 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 5, 2015)
2015 WL 5781541, No. 14–CV–4090 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 5, 2015)
The district court stayed six related consumer class actions
against “flushable” wipes on the ground that the FTC could probably protect consumers
more effectively. Consumers alleged that
they paid a premium for “flushable” wipes—moist towelettes intended for use in
place of, or in addition to, toilet paper—that are not actually “flushable.” P&G’s wipe, “designed to break down
through chemical processes and physical manipulation, shows no signs of coming
apart while in a home’s plumbing, or possibly even after it reaches a municipal
sewage plant.” “Similar class actions are pending in other courts. A number of
municipalities have brought a class action against manufacturers of similar
products, claiming clogging of their sewage disposal facilities,” while others
are warning their citizens not to flush “flushable” wipes. NYC has proposed to ban “flushable” claims
unless they’re certified by a third party test approved by NYC.
against “flushable” wipes on the ground that the FTC could probably protect consumers
more effectively. Consumers alleged that
they paid a premium for “flushable” wipes—moist towelettes intended for use in
place of, or in addition to, toilet paper—that are not actually “flushable.” P&G’s wipe, “designed to break down
through chemical processes and physical manipulation, shows no signs of coming
apart while in a home’s plumbing, or possibly even after it reaches a municipal
sewage plant.” “Similar class actions are pending in other courts. A number of
municipalities have brought a class action against manufacturers of similar
products, claiming clogging of their sewage disposal facilities,” while others
are warning their citizens not to flush “flushable” wipes. NYC has proposed to ban “flushable” claims
unless they’re certified by a third party test approved by NYC.
The FTC has an ongoing inquiry into the use of the term, and
one competitor was recently subject to a proposed consent
agreement with the FTC about describing its products as “flushable.” In order to make “flushable” and similar
claims, the producer would be required, among other things, to have
substantiation that its product “disperses in a sufficiently short amount of
time after flushing to avoid clogging, or other operational problems in,
household and municipal sewage lines, septic systems, and other standard
wastewater equipment.” P&G is also
the subject of an “informal inquiry” by the FTC, focusing on the ability of
various wipe products to pass through municipal sewage system facilities.
one competitor was recently subject to a proposed consent
agreement with the FTC about describing its products as “flushable.” In order to make “flushable” and similar
claims, the producer would be required, among other things, to have
substantiation that its product “disperses in a sufficiently short amount of
time after flushing to avoid clogging, or other operational problems in,
household and municipal sewage lines, septic systems, and other standard
wastewater equipment.” P&G is also
the subject of an “informal inquiry” by the FTC, focusing on the ability of
various wipe products to pass through municipal sewage system facilities.
Because “certification of a statutory damages class would
pit New York State’s consumer protection law, which explicitly prohibits
statutory damages in class actions, against the federal class action rule,
which contains no such prohibition,” here prudence counseled in favor of
staying the putative class action to see what, if anything, the FTC will do,
even though the class action predicates were otherwise met. Fundamentally, Judge Weinstein disagreed with
the Supreme Court’s treatment of the interaction between state law and Rule 23,
because he believed that it would reward forum shopping, and used that
disagreement to weigh against certification.
I imagine there’s room to disagree over whether this is
appropriate. Moreover, with multiple
cases pending across the nation, “there is a substantial risk of inconsistent
judgments regarding the meaning of ‘flushable.’ A robust management of the
“flushable” problem by the FTC, rather than by courts, could avoid unnecessary
inconsistencies and controversies, helping manufacturers, retail vendors and
consumers alike.”
pit New York State’s consumer protection law, which explicitly prohibits
statutory damages in class actions, against the federal class action rule,
which contains no such prohibition,” here prudence counseled in favor of
staying the putative class action to see what, if anything, the FTC will do,
even though the class action predicates were otherwise met. Fundamentally, Judge Weinstein disagreed with
the Supreme Court’s treatment of the interaction between state law and Rule 23,
because he believed that it would reward forum shopping, and used that
disagreement to weigh against certification.
I imagine there’s room to disagree over whether this is
appropriate. Moreover, with multiple
cases pending across the nation, “there is a substantial risk of inconsistent
judgments regarding the meaning of ‘flushable.’ A robust management of the
“flushable” problem by the FTC, rather than by courts, could avoid unnecessary
inconsistencies and controversies, helping manufacturers, retail vendors and
consumers alike.”
If circumstances changed, the court indicated that it would
likely deny certification of a damages class, but certify an injunctive relief
class.
likely deny certification of a damages class, but certify an injunctive relief
class.
The packaging of the wipes at issue, which had been the same since 2011, claims
that the wipes are “flushable,” “Septic Safe,” and “Safe for sewer and septic
systems.”
“Flushable” wipes cost
substantially more than toilet paper and non-flushable wipes. P&G’s wipes are created by using jets of
water to entangle a wood-pulp base, structurally supported by a chemical
binder. It contends that the wipes begin
to disintegrate when dropped into the toilet upon exposure to physical forces
and biological factors found in wastewater systems. P&G offers
reimbursements who complain that the wipes caused a clog. Plaintiff Belfiore bought the wipes and
experienced clogged plumbing and sewer back-up; a plumber charged him over $500
to remove the wipes and other materials from the pipes, though he hasn’t yet
paid the bill.
substantially more than toilet paper and non-flushable wipes. P&G’s wipes are created by using jets of
water to entangle a wood-pulp base, structurally supported by a chemical
binder. It contends that the wipes begin
to disintegrate when dropped into the toilet upon exposure to physical forces
and biological factors found in wastewater systems. P&G offers
reimbursements who complain that the wipes caused a clog. Plaintiff Belfiore bought the wipes and
experienced clogged plumbing and sewer back-up; a plumber charged him over $500
to remove the wipes and other materials from the pipes, though he hasn’t yet
paid the bill.
The parties argued about the definition of “flushable,” with
plaintiff going basically for “it’s not flushable if it doesn’t break down
sufficiently to pass through pipes and causes serious problems for individual
owners and municipalities.” P&G
argued that what’s flushable is “a subjective inquiry, unique to each
purchaser’s experience.” Defendant’s
experts suggested that “flushable” meant that an object would “successfully
leave their home,” meaning that wristwatches and matchbox cars would qualify as
flushable. There are also industry
guidelines for flushability that look at whether the product becomes
unrecognizable in the sludge generated in the normal course of wastewater treatment. The FTC’s proposed consent order also
provided a definition that offered some guidance, as noted above. There was no consumer survey on the term’s
general meaning (though I would think that “septic safe” etc. further qualify
the claim to give it more meaning).
plaintiff going basically for “it’s not flushable if it doesn’t break down
sufficiently to pass through pipes and causes serious problems for individual
owners and municipalities.” P&G
argued that what’s flushable is “a subjective inquiry, unique to each
purchaser’s experience.” Defendant’s
experts suggested that “flushable” meant that an object would “successfully
leave their home,” meaning that wristwatches and matchbox cars would qualify as
flushable. There are also industry
guidelines for flushability that look at whether the product becomes
unrecognizable in the sludge generated in the normal course of wastewater treatment. The FTC’s proposed consent order also
provided a definition that offered some guidance, as noted above. There was no consumer survey on the term’s
general meaning (though I would think that “septic safe” etc. further qualify
the claim to give it more meaning).
NY’s GBL § 349 allows recovery of actual damages or $50 per
transaction, whichever is greater, except that C.P.L.R. § 901(b) bars class
actions seeking to recover “a penalty, or minimum measure of recovery created
or imposed by statute,” unless that statute explicitly authorizes recovery
through a class action, which §349 does not.
transaction, whichever is greater, except that C.P.L.R. § 901(b) bars class
actions seeking to recover “a penalty, or minimum measure of recovery created
or imposed by statute,” unless that statute explicitly authorizes recovery
through a class action, which §349 does not.
The Supreme Court considered the interaction between FRCP 23
and § 901(b) in Shady
Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Ins., in which the Court found that
Rule 23 controls over §901(b). Though Shady Grove “undermines the important
state substantive policy behind § 901(b). But it is binding on federal courts,
and therefore, in the instant case.”
However, §901(b) still influenced the court’s certification analysis.
and § 901(b) in Shady
Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Ins., in which the Court found that
Rule 23 controls over §901(b). Though Shady Grove “undermines the important
state substantive policy behind § 901(b). But it is binding on federal courts,
and therefore, in the instant case.”
However, §901(b) still influenced the court’s certification analysis.
As for the class action factors, P&G disputed
commonality on the theory that the alleged injury depended on individual
experience with the product. But that’s not the injury in a false advertising
case; here, injury was the price premium paid by everyone, even if some
consumers were satisfied or had varying danages. “Those who are satisfied that
the premium was worthwhile can opt out or decline to file for damages awarded
to the class.” Likewise, this meant that
the plaintiff’s claims were typical, because his plumbing bill wasn’t the focus
of the litigation and his damages theory was based on price premiums.
commonality on the theory that the alleged injury depended on individual
experience with the product. But that’s not the injury in a false advertising
case; here, injury was the price premium paid by everyone, even if some
consumers were satisfied or had varying danages. “Those who are satisfied that
the premium was worthwhile can opt out or decline to file for damages awarded
to the class.” Likewise, this meant that
the plaintiff’s claims were typical, because his plumbing bill wasn’t the focus
of the litigation and his damages theory was based on price premiums.
Adequacy: There was “some doubt” that counsel intended, or
was able, “to finance the expensive consumer and economic studies necessary for
effective prosecution of a case on a premium price theory.” But, given that plaintiff was now seeking
only the statutory $50 award, that wasn’t likely to be decisive, and counsel
seemed qualified in other respects.
was able, “to finance the expensive consumer and economic studies necessary for
effective prosecution of a case on a premium price theory.” But, given that plaintiff was now seeking
only the statutory $50 award, that wasn’t likely to be decisive, and counsel
seemed qualified in other respects.
Ascertainability: the court rejected the “no receipts, no
ascertainability” argument for the usual reasons—it would destroy the very
low-value aggregated claims that the class action device was designed to
accommodate, increasing injustice.
Self-identification via affidavit could be appropriate given that the
alleged misrepresentation was uniform across all products.
ascertainability” argument for the usual reasons—it would destroy the very
low-value aggregated claims that the class action device was designed to
accommodate, increasing injustice.
Self-identification via affidavit could be appropriate given that the
alleged misrepresentation was uniform across all products.
Rule 23(b)(2) injunctive relief class: The court refused to
hold that plaintiff lacked Article III standing to bring a claim for injunctive
relief, because that would denigrate the NY consumer protection statute by
denying anyone who figured out that she’d been deceived from representing a
class of the still-deceived.
hold that plaintiff lacked Article III standing to bring a claim for injunctive
relief, because that would denigrate the NY consumer protection statute by
denying anyone who figured out that she’d been deceived from representing a
class of the still-deceived.
A single injunction against the labeling here would provide
relief to each member of the class; individual claims for monetary relief can’t
be certified under 23(b)(2), at least where it’s not incidental to the
injunctive or declaratory relief. The
monetary relief sought by some class members—individual plumbing costs—was incidental
to the injunctive relief and could be tried separately. Thus, if the action
weren’t stayed, the court would look favorably on a 23(b)(2) injunctive class.
relief to each member of the class; individual claims for monetary relief can’t
be certified under 23(b)(2), at least where it’s not incidental to the
injunctive or declaratory relief. The
monetary relief sought by some class members—individual plumbing costs—was incidental
to the injunctive relief and could be tried separately. Thus, if the action
weren’t stayed, the court would look favorably on a 23(b)(2) injunctive class.
Rule 23(b)(3) damages class: The court found predominance. P&G argued that whether consumers were
injured by the “flushable” label requires an individualized inquiry into each
purchaser’s experience, since some consumers have “consistently flushed without
a problem” and therefore could not have been deceived. But either all consumers bought “flushable”
wipes that were, in fact, “flushable,” or none did. P&G also argued that materiality would
require individualized proof. But such
individualized proof is unnecessary under §349, which uses an objective
standard. Moreover, the plaintiff’s
damages model, which used hedonic regression to determine a premium from the
product, was sufficient to establish classwide injury. Once injury was established, statutory
damages could be calculated classwide.
Any individualized issues about plumbing products would be tried on an
individual basis.
injured by the “flushable” label requires an individualized inquiry into each
purchaser’s experience, since some consumers have “consistently flushed without
a problem” and therefore could not have been deceived. But either all consumers bought “flushable”
wipes that were, in fact, “flushable,” or none did. P&G also argued that materiality would
require individualized proof. But such
individualized proof is unnecessary under §349, which uses an objective
standard. Moreover, the plaintiff’s
damages model, which used hedonic regression to determine a premium from the
product, was sufficient to establish classwide injury. Once injury was established, statutory
damages could be calculated classwide.
Any individualized issues about plumbing products would be tried on an
individual basis.
Superiority: The courts are split on whether superiority
analysis can consider the ability of administrative agencies to address the key
contention in the case. Given Rule 23’s
reference to “adjudicating” claims, some conclude that it only requires a
comparison to individual litigation.
However, it was sensible to consider the FTC’s potential action, which
could resolve issues on a uniform national basis. If an administrative agency has yet to take definitive
remedial measures, some courts deem a class action superior. See, e.g., Bryan
v. Amrep Corp., 429 F.Supp. 313, 319 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (status of FTC proceedings
was unclear).
analysis can consider the ability of administrative agencies to address the key
contention in the case. Given Rule 23’s
reference to “adjudicating” claims, some conclude that it only requires a
comparison to individual litigation.
However, it was sensible to consider the FTC’s potential action, which
could resolve issues on a uniform national basis. If an administrative agency has yet to take definitive
remedial measures, some courts deem a class action superior. See, e.g., Bryan
v. Amrep Corp., 429 F.Supp. 313, 319 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (status of FTC proceedings
was unclear).
Here, however, a class action seeking statutory damages wasn’t superior, because the FTC was
better suited to protect consumers nationally and it was already considering
P&G’s flushable claims:
better suited to protect consumers nationally and it was already considering
P&G’s flushable claims:
In the interest of uniform protection
of consumers, the FTC should address the instant case and related cases, lest
inconsistent judgments and labeling abound. This risk is serious, as noted by
the number of cases that have already reached varying dispositions. Consumers
as well as vendors require a uniform definition of “flushable,” and the FTC is
best suited to announce it.
of consumers, the FTC should address the instant case and related cases, lest
inconsistent judgments and labeling abound. This risk is serious, as noted by
the number of cases that have already reached varying dispositions. Consumers
as well as vendors require a uniform definition of “flushable,” and the FTC is
best suited to announce it.
New York’s public policy against statutory damages in class
action cases, which could easily be excessive (here, up to $95.5 million),
buttressed this conclusion. Such a large award would also contradict Congress’
intent in enacting CAFA: “to discourage excessively harsh results eclipsing
plaintiff’s actual damages.” (Is that
what CAFA intended to do?) Thus, the
court wasn’t likely to certify a damages class, on superiority grounds.
action cases, which could easily be excessive (here, up to $95.5 million),
buttressed this conclusion. Such a large award would also contradict Congress’
intent in enacting CAFA: “to discourage excessively harsh results eclipsing
plaintiff’s actual damages.” (Is that
what CAFA intended to do?) Thus, the
court wasn’t likely to certify a damages class, on superiority grounds.
However, for the moment, the court merely relied on the
primary jurisdiction doctrine to stay the case.
Although the doctrine is relatively narrow, and usually doesn’t apply
where the issue is “legal in nature and lies within the traditional realm of
judicial competence,” and although the courts are generally well-suited to
determine false advertising issues—both in terms of the science and in terms of
likely consumer understanding—policy considerations counseled in favor of a
stay. GBL § 349 also expressly provides that it “shall be a complete defense”
under the statute if the challenged act or practice “complies with the rules
and regulations of, and the statutes administered by the federal trade
commission … as such rules, regulations or statutes are interpreted by the
federal trade commission.” “Thus, a determination by the FTC that defendant’s
flushability claims are supported by, or not supported by, competent evidence
under the FTCA would, at a minimum, be important to proceedings in this court
and could be conclusive.” Moreover,
there was danger of inconsistent rulings among various courts and the FTC,
without a consensus on the definition of “flushable.” An FTC ruling blessing or rejecting these
claims could end the need for litigation.
Plus, the FTC process allows for public comment, while an individual
class action generally doesn’t.
(Objections?)
primary jurisdiction doctrine to stay the case.
Although the doctrine is relatively narrow, and usually doesn’t apply
where the issue is “legal in nature and lies within the traditional realm of
judicial competence,” and although the courts are generally well-suited to
determine false advertising issues—both in terms of the science and in terms of
likely consumer understanding—policy considerations counseled in favor of a
stay. GBL § 349 also expressly provides that it “shall be a complete defense”
under the statute if the challenged act or practice “complies with the rules
and regulations of, and the statutes administered by the federal trade
commission … as such rules, regulations or statutes are interpreted by the
federal trade commission.” “Thus, a determination by the FTC that defendant’s
flushability claims are supported by, or not supported by, competent evidence
under the FTCA would, at a minimum, be important to proceedings in this court
and could be conclusive.” Moreover,
there was danger of inconsistent rulings among various courts and the FTC,
without a consensus on the definition of “flushable.” An FTC ruling blessing or rejecting these
claims could end the need for litigation.
Plus, the FTC process allows for public comment, while an individual
class action generally doesn’t.
(Objections?)
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Rebecca Tushnet 